Open Victorian geological atlas showing colorful cross-section strata diagrams on a wooden desk surrounded by an ammonite fossil, rock samples, quartz cluster, brass magnifying glass, rock hammer, and antique specimen jars.

Reading the Earth: Vuillemin, Mantell, and the Victorian Invention of Deep Time

In 1788, James Hutton looked at a rock face at Siccar Point and discovered deep time. The Victorian geologists and illustrators who followed him — Vuillemin in France, Emslie and Reynolds in Britain — invented the visual language that made that discovery legible. This is the story of the geological cross-section and the two traditions that shaped it.

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